With the change in the social structure, society has witnessed various punishment theories and the radical changes that they have undergone from the traditional to the modern level and the crucial problems relating to them.

When a person proved with the commission of an offence, and ought to have been punished by law, if he is exempted from such legal punishment under special conditions stipulated in the law, it is known as General Exception. General exceptions have been explained under Sections 76 to 106 of IPC.

The 'Law of Torts‘ is originated by the Common Law of England, which is generally civil in nature. It is well developed in the UK, USA, and other advanced countries.

In India, socio-economic offences can be outlined, after the World War.